I kinohi ka ʻōlelo, a pohihihi ka ʻōlelo.
ʻO ia no ka mea ʻaʻole i hana ʻia nā maka aniani.Inā ʻoe he ʻike kokoke, ʻike mamao a i ʻole he astigmatism, ʻaʻole ʻoe i laki.Ua pohihihi na mea a pau.
ʻAʻole hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 13 i hana ʻia nā lens hoʻoponopono a me nā mea ʻino, ʻano kumu ʻole.Akā, he aha ka hana a ka poʻe i kūpono ʻole i ko lākou ʻike ma mua o kēlā?
Ua hana lākou i kekahi o nā mea ʻelua.Ua haʻalele lākou iā lākou iho no ka hiki ʻole ke ʻike maikaʻi, a i ʻole hana lākou i ka hana mau a ka poʻe akamai.
Hoʻoponopono lākou.
ʻO nā makaaniani makaaniani mua i hoʻoponopono ʻia he mau makaaniani makeshift, o ke ʻano.Ua ʻaʻahu nā Inuits kahiko i ka niho ʻelepani palahalaha i mua o ko lākou mau maka e ālai i nā kukuna o ka lā.
Ma Roma kahiko, e paʻa ana ka Emepera Nero i ka emerald i poni ʻia i mua o kona mau maka e hōʻemi i ka ʻōlinolino o ka lā i kona nānā ʻana i nā koa koa.
Ua haʻaheo kona kumu aʻo, ʻo Seneca, ua heluhelu ʻo ia i "nā puke a pau ma Roma" ma o kahi kīʻaha aniani nui i hoʻopiha ʻia i ka wai, kahi i hoʻonui ai i ka paʻi.ʻAʻohe moʻolelo e pili ana i kahi iʻa gula i ke ala.
ʻO kēia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā lens hoʻoponopono, i holomua iki, ma Venice ma kahi o 1000 CE, i ka wā i hoʻololi ʻia ai ke kīʻaha a me ka wai o Seneca (a me ka iʻa gula paha) e kahi pōʻai aniani convex lalo i waiho ʻia ma luna o ka heluhelu. mea, e lilo ana i aniani hoonui mua a hiki i ka Sherlock Holmes o Italia kahiko ke ohi i na clues he nui no ka hoopau hewa.Ua ʻae kēia mau "pōhaku heluhelu" i nā mōneka e hoʻomau i ka heluhelu, kākau, a me ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i nā manuscript ma hope o ka piha ʻana o 40.
Ua ʻaʻahu nā luna kānāwai Kina o ke kenekulia 12 i kekahi ʻano makaaniani, i hana ʻia me nā kristal quartz smoke, i paʻa i mua o ko lākou mau helehelena i ʻike ʻole ʻia ko lākou mau hiʻohiʻona e nā mea hōʻike a lākou i nīnau ai, e hāʻawi ana i ka wahaheʻe i ka stereotype "inscrutable".ʻOiai ʻo kekahi mau moʻolelo no ko Marco Polo huakaʻi ʻana i Kina he 100 mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka poʻe ʻelemakule e komo ana i nā maka aniani, ua hōʻole ʻia kēia mau moʻolelo ma ke ʻano he hoʻopunipuni, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ka poʻe nāna i nānā i nā puke puke a Marco Polo i ʻōlelo ʻia no nā maka aniani.
ʻOiai ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia nei ka lā pololei, ua ʻae like ʻia ua hana ʻia nā maka aniani hoʻoponopono mua ma Italia ma waena o 1268 a me 1300. ʻO kēia mau mea ʻelua mau pōhaku heluhelu (nā makaaniani hoʻonui) i hoʻopili ʻia me kahi hinge i kaulike ʻia ma ke alahaka o ka ihu.
ʻO nā kiʻi kiʻi mua o ke kanaka e ʻaʻahu ana i kēia ʻano o nā makaaniani ma ke ʻano o nā kiʻi pena o waena o ke kenekulia 14 e Tommaso da Modena, nāna i hōʻike i nā mōneka e hoʻohana ana i nā monocles a me ka ʻaʻahu ʻana i kēia mau maka aniani pince-nez mua (Palani no ka "pinch nose") e heluhelu ai. a kope i nā palapala.
Mai Italia mai, ua hoʻolauna ʻia kēia mea hou i nā ʻāina "Low" a i ʻole "Benelux" (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg), Kelemānia, Sepania, Farani a me ʻEnelani.ʻO kēia mau aniani he mau lens convex e hoʻonui i ka paʻi a me nā mea.Ma ʻEnelani i hoʻomaka ai nā mea hana makaaniani e hoʻolaha i nā makaaniani heluhelu ma ke ʻano he pōmaikaʻi no ka poʻe ma mua o 40. I ka makahiki 1629 ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers, me kēia ʻōlelo: "He pōmaikaʻi i ka ʻelemakule".
Ua hiki mai kekahi hanana ko'iko'i i ka ho'omaka 'ana o ke kenekulia 16, i ka wā i hana 'ia ai nā lens concave no ka Pope Leo X.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kēia mau ʻano mua o nā maka aniani i hele mai me kahi pilikia nui - ʻaʻole lākou e noho ma kou alo.
No laila ua nakinaki nā poʻe hana aniani Paniolo i nā lipine silika i nā lens a hoʻopaʻa i nā lipine ma nā pepeiao o ka mea hoʻohana.I ka wā i hoʻolauna ʻia ai kēia mau aniani i Kina e nā mikionali Sepania a me Italia, ua hoʻolei ka poʻe Kina i ka manaʻo o ka wili ʻana i nā lipine ma nā pepeiao.Nakinaki lākou i nā mea kaupaona liʻiliʻi i ka hope o nā lipine i mea e paʻa ai ma ka pepeiao.I ka makahiki 1730, ua hana ʻo Edward Scarlett i nā lima o ka luakini i kēia manawa, ʻelua lāʻau paʻa i hoʻopili ʻia i nā lens a kau ma luna o nā pepeiao.He iwakāluakūmālua mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ka mea hoʻolālā maka aniani ʻo James Ayscough i nā lima o ka luakini, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hinges e hiki ai iā lākou ke pelu.Ua hoʻonani pū ʻo ia i kāna mau lens a pau i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ʻole ka uliuli, ʻaʻole ia e hana i nā aniani aniani, akā no ka mea ua manaʻo ʻo ia ua kōkua pū kēia mau kala i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻike.
ʻO ka mea hou nui hou i nā maka aniani i hele mai me ka mea hou o ka bifocal.ʻOiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kumu e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka mea i hana ʻia o nā bifocals iā Benjamin Franklin, ma ka waena o 1780s, kahi ʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele o ke Kulanui o Optometrists e nīnau i kēia koi ma ka nānā ʻana i nā hōʻike āpau i loaʻa.Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea i hana ʻia nā bifocals ma ʻEnelani i ka makahiki 1760, a ua ʻike ʻo Franklin iā lākou ma laila a kauoha ʻo ia i pālua nona.
ʻO ke kumu o ka hana ʻana o nā bifocals iā Franklin ma muli paha o kāna kamaʻilio ʻana me kahi hoaaloha,George Whatley.Ma hoʻokahi leka, wehewehe ʻo Franklin iā ia iho he "hauʻoli i ka hana ʻana i nā aniani pālua, e lawelawe ana no nā mea mamao a me nā mea kokoke, e hoʻopōmaikaʻi i koʻu mau maka iaʻu e like me ka wā ma mua."
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻōlelo ʻo Franklin ua hana ʻo ia iā lākou.ʻO Whatley, i hoʻoulu ʻia paha e kona ʻike a me ka mahalo iā Franklin ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomohala nui, ma kāna pane e haʻi ana i ka mea i haku ai i nā bifocals i kāna hoaaloha.ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe i ʻohi a holo me kēia a hiki i ka mea i ʻae ʻia i kēia manawa ua hana ʻo Franklin i nā bifocals.Inā he kanaka ʻē aʻe ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu, ua nalowale kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo i nā makahiki.
ʻO ka lā koʻikoʻi e hiki mai ana i ka mōʻaukala o nā maka aniani ʻo 1825, i ka manawa i hana ai ka mea kilo hōkū Pelekane ʻo George Airy i nā lens concave cylindrical i hoʻoponopono i kāna astigmatism ʻike kokoke.Ua hahai koke ʻo Trifocals, i ka makahiki 1827. ʻO nā hanana ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia ma ka hopena o ka 18th a i ʻole ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia 19, ʻo ia ka monocle, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ke ʻano ʻo Eustace Tilley, ʻo ia i The New Yorker ka mea a Alfred E. Neuman i Mad Magazine, a me ka lorgnette, nā makaaniani maka ma kahi lāʻau e hoʻohuli ai i ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana iā lākou i dowager koke.
ʻO nā aniani Pince-nez, e hoʻomanaʻo ʻoe, ua hoʻokomo ʻia i ka waena o ke kenekulia 14 i kēlā mau mana mua i kau ʻia ma nā ihu o nā mōneka.Ua hoʻi hou lākou i 500 mau makahiki ma hope mai, i hoʻolaha ʻia e ka poʻe e like me Teddy Roosevelt, nona ka machismo "paʻakikī a mākaukau" i hōʻole i ke kiʻi o nā aniani e like me nā sissies.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, akā naʻe, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā aniani pince-nez i ke kaulana e nā aniani i kau ʻia e, e kali iā ia, nā hōkū kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ʻoiaʻiʻo.ʻO ka hōkū kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hāmau ʻo Harold Lloyd, āu i ʻike ai e kau ana ma luna o kahi skyscraper ʻoiai e paʻa ana i nā lima o ka uaki nui, ua ʻaʻahu ʻo ia i nā makaaniani puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu piha i lilo i mea huhū loa, ma kekahi hapa no ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā lima o ka luakini i ke kiʻi.
Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāpana bifocal i hoʻohui ʻia, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka hoʻolālā ʻano Franklin ma o ka hui ʻana i nā lens mamao a me ka ʻike kokoke, i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka makahiki 1908. Ua kaulana nā makaaniani i nā makahiki 1930, ma kahi hapa no ka mea i hana ʻia ka kānana e polarize i ka lā i ka makahiki 1929, e hiki ai i nā makaaniani ke hana. hoʻopaʻa i nā kukui ultraviolet a me ka infrared.ʻO kekahi kumu ʻē aʻe o ka kaulana o nā makaaniani ma muli o ke kiʻi ʻia ʻana o nā hōkū kiʻiʻoniʻoni nani e hoʻohana ana iā lākou.
ʻO ka pono e hoʻololi i nā aniani no nā pono o ke Kaua Honua II i alakaʻi ʻia i ka mea kaulanaʻano aviator o nā aniani.ʻO ka holomua o ka plastics i hiki ke hana ʻia nā kiʻi i nā waihoʻoluʻu like ʻole, a ʻo ke ʻano hou o nā makaaniani no nā wahine, i kapa ʻia ʻo cat-eye ma muli o ka lae o nā ʻaoʻao o luna o ke kiʻi, ua hoʻohuli ʻia nā maka aniani i ʻōlelo wahine.
ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā ʻano makaaniani kanaka i nā makahiki 1940 a me '50s i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā papa uea gula a puni, akā me nā ʻokoʻa, e like me ke ʻano huinahā o Buddy Holly, a me nā ʻōhukukū a James Dean.
Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā maka aniani, ʻo ka holomua o ka ʻenehana lens i lawe mai i nā lens holomua (no-line multifocal glasses) i ka lehulehu i ka makahiki 1959. Aneane ua hana ʻia nā maka aniani a pau i ka plastic, ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o nā aniani a nahaha maʻemaʻe ma mua o ka haki ʻana. i nā ʻāpana.
Ua loaʻa mua nā lens photochromic plastic, i ʻeleʻele i ka mālamalama o ka lā a maopopo hou mai ka lā, i loaʻa mua i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1960.I kēlā manawa ua kapa ʻia lākou ʻo "photo gray", no ka mea ʻo kēia wale nō ke kala a lākou i komo ai. Loaʻa nā lens kiʻi hina kiʻi i ke aniani wale nō, akā i ka makahiki 1990 ua loaʻa iā lākou i loko o ka plastic, a i ke kenekulia 21 ua loaʻa lākou i kēia manawa. nā kala like ʻole.
Hele a hele nā ʻano makaaniani, a e like me ka mea maʻamau i ke ʻano, lilo nā mea kahiko i mea hou.ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona: ʻO nā aniani gula a me nā aniani ʻole i kaulana i ka wā ma mua.I kēia manawa ʻaʻole nui loa.Ua makemake ʻia nā makaaniani uea nui nui i ka makahiki 1970.I kēia manawa ʻaʻole nui loa.I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i makemake nui ʻia nā makaaniani retro no nā makahiki he 40 i hala, e like me ka square, horn-rim a me brow-line makaaniani, e hoʻomalu i ka rack optical.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mar-14-2023